Sodium is an extracellular cation. It drives the movement of fluid between epithelial surfaces within the body and also plays a key role in creating neural impulses, muscle contractions, and secretions.
Increased sodium "hypernatremia" may be caused by:
-Excessive intake: dietary or via fluid therapy. Signs of this often include increased urine volume and signs of dehydration.
-Dehydration: (relative increase meaning that the concentration is high only because of the water loss and referred to as pseudohypernatremia). In many cases of dehydration, however, sodium levels are normal.
Decreased sodium "hyponatremia" may be caused by:
-Artifact: if the sample was lipemic or hyperproteinemic
-Excessive water intake: In this case the GFR is increased so that sodium cannot be resorbed.
-Water retention: due to congestive heart failure, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or advanced renal failure.
-Renal issues: lack of aldosterone, proximal renal tubule dysfunction (resulting in reduced sodium
absorption) in renal disease (especially in horses and cattle), osmotic
losses due to polyuria (diabetes mellitus), and diuretic therapy. Cattle
with renal failure have a consistent moderate to marked hyponatremia.
-Gastrointestinal issues: sodium may be lost due to diarrhea, especially in cattle.
-Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism):
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